PUBLIC PROJECT 90 DAY PAY CYCLES: PUBLIC AND DOT JOBS THAT PAY IN 90 DAYS
State and federal work pays on approval cycles, not on invoices. Studies put average construction DSO between 51 and 83 days, and public work sits at the long end. Every day of that wait is an interest-free loan to the owner.
This page covers one problem. The full picture for this trade, including the other places margin leaks, is on the civil operating system page.
WHERE THE MONEY GOES.
Covered in full in the quick answer above. The sourced numbers and what controls it are below.
5 to 10 percent held on every pay app until completion or later. At a 5.5 percent net margin, a 10 percent hold means the entire profit on the job rides until release. Run three or four jobs at once and six figures sit locked while payroll runs every week.
THE COST, SOURCED.
DOT and federal owners often cap mobilization at 5 to 10 percent of contract and stage its release. California PCC 10264 releases only 50 percent of bid mobilization at 5 percent earned, 75 percent at 10 percent earned, 95 percent at 20 percent earned.
a $1M retainage balance financed on a line at 8 percent APR costs about $40K over a six month schedule. That interest is pure waste.
THE SAME PROBLEM, WRITTEN UP.
If the property owner waits 90 days to pay you, you're basically giving them a loan.
Procore, carrying cost of slow payment
It's the interest-free loan that every tier is forced to make to the one above it.
Construction Yeti newsletter, 2025
You're effectively paying the owner to build their building until the final release.
Document Crunch retainage guide, 2026
THE NUMBER TO MEASURE IT AGAINST.
Civil contractors run about % net profit at $1M to $5M, rising to roughly 10% at $5M to $10M. The CFOS target at $1M to $5M is10%, set at 10 percent before taxes or 3.5 points better than your trade's average at your revenue, whichever is higher. A problem like this one lives in the distance between those two figures rather than in a loss on any single job.
Gross margin over the same bands runs % to 23%, against a CFOS target of 10%.
THE SYSTEM THAT FIXES THIS.
Billing, documentation and collections, which is where the days hide.
