ONE PROBLEM, IN DETAIL

PUBLIC PROJECT 90 DAY PAY CYCLES: PUBLIC AND DOT JOBS THAT PAY IN 90 DAYS

QUICK ANSWER

State and federal work pays on approval cycles, not on invoices. Studies put average construction DSO between 51 and 83 days, and public work sits at the long end. Every day of that wait is an interest-free loan to the owner.

This page covers one problem. The full picture for this trade, including the other places margin leaks, is on the civil operating system page.

BY JOSH LUEBKERPublished 2026-08-06Updated 2026-08-06
WHAT BREAKS

WHERE THE MONEY GOES.

Public and DOT jobs that pay in 90 days

Covered in full in the quick answer above. The sourced numbers and what controls it are below.

Retainage stacking across active jobs

5 to 10 percent held on every pay app until completion or later. At a 5.5 percent net margin, a 10 percent hold means the entire profit on the job rides until release. Run three or four jobs at once and six figures sit locked while payroll runs every week.

WHAT THE NUMBERS SAY

THE COST, SOURCED.

Regulatory specificity

DOT and federal owners often cap mobilization at 5 to 10 percent of contract and stage its release. California PCC 10264 releases only 50 percent of bid mobilization at 5 percent earned, 75 percent at 10 percent earned, 95 percent at 20 percent earned.

Dollar math

a $1M retainage balance financed on a line at 8 percent APR costs about $40K over a six month schedule. That interest is pure waste.

WHAT THE TRADE PRESS SAYS

THE SAME PROBLEM, WRITTEN UP.

If the property owner waits 90 days to pay you, you're basically giving them a loan.

Procore, carrying cost of slow payment

It's the interest-free loan that every tier is forced to make to the one above it.

Construction Yeti newsletter, 2025

You're effectively paying the owner to build their building until the final release.

Document Crunch retainage guide, 2026

WHAT THIS TRADE SHOULD EARN

THE NUMBER TO MEASURE IT AGAINST.

Civil contractors run about % net profit at $1M to $5M, rising to roughly 10% at $5M to $10M. The CFOS target at $1M to $5M is10%, set at 10 percent before taxes or 3.5 points better than your trade's average at your revenue, whichever is higher. A problem like this one lives in the distance between those two figures rather than in a loss on any single job.

Gross margin over the same bands runs % to 23%, against a CFOS target of 10%.

Full civil benchmark bands by revenue

WHAT CONTROLS IT

THE SYSTEM THAT FIXES THIS.

Cash Flow Cycle System

Billing, documentation and collections, which is where the days hide.

How the Cash Flow Cycle System works

COMMON QUESTIONS

FREQUENTLY ASKED.

Plan on 60 to 90 days from work performed to cash received once approval cycles run. Mobilization is often capped at 5 to 10 percent and released in stages as the contract earns. The jobs are good; the cash timing is the part that breaks companies.
5 to 10 percent, held until substantial completion or later. Some states cap public-work retainage at 5 percent, and Texas requires amounts above 5 percent on public projects to sit in an interest-bearing account. Know your state before you bid, and price the carry into the job.
Civil subcontractors at $1M to $5M in revenue net 5.5 percent on average, rising to 8.5 percent by $25M to $50M. The CFOS target at $1M to $5M is 10 percent, and it rises with revenue. The gap between average and target usually sits in three places: unbilled mobilization, buried equipment cost, and retainage carried without a plan. Every net profit figure here is stated before taxes, the same basis CFMA reports on, so the two are directly comparable.
Three tiers, and which one you are in depends on how much of the work you want off your desk. Core is where you stop guessing: job costing built against the way you estimate, a 13 week cash forecast, monthly WIP, and a monthly meeting that ends in decisions, while your bookkeeper keeps doing the books. Executive is where you stop touching the books, because we run the bookkeeping and the controllership as well. Strategic is where every job shows its margin while it is still running, because the job costing and WIP platform is set up and managed for you. No payroll. No scope gaps.
Sixty days. We migrate your books back to the start of your last taxable year, set up ControlQore, and build your job costing structure from scratch. Fully operational in two months.
WHAT THIS TIES INTO
Josh Luebker, The Construction CFO
Josh Luebker
FRACTIONAL CFO · THE CONSTRUCTION CFO

Former commercial project manager and master electrician: 150+ projects worth $2.1B combined, from $50,000 to $300M. Now fractional CFO to commercial subcontractors.

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